In recent times, there have been a series of serious fires causing dozens of fatalities, such as the karaoke bar fire in Binh Duong and the house fire in Binh Phuoc. Most of these structures are built in the form of tube houses. When the fire breaks out, the victims are often trapped in houses without escape routes.
The reality shows that the main reason for the tragic deaths in tube house fires is the lack of proper escape routes. Currently, when designing tube houses and townhouses in urban areas, people only focus on the usable area, room distribution, security, and desired amenities. Very few consider emergency escape plans.
For example, in the Binh Duong karaoke bar fire, architects noted that the bar was built as a tube house with a rooftop covered by metal sheets. The front of the building was mostly obscured by advertising signs, and there was little ventilation. Inside the bar, the space was poorly divided, and flammable soundproofing materials were used. These factors created an ideal environment for a fire disaster.
Discussing the characteristics and shortcomings of existing tube houses, architect Tran Ngoc Thach from SPNG Architecture Company stated that tube houses are the dominant type of housing in Vietnam’s urban areas. Most tube houses in the country are narrow and deep, usually with only one facade. The houses have limited space, few windows, and are surrounded by high-rise buildings.
Urban planning allows for the strong development of tube house types, but there are no regulations requiring these houses to have a 50-90cm gap between them like in some countries (e.g., Japan). This lack of space makes it difficult for people to escape in the event of a fire, Thach explained.
For existing tube houses, the design should include a backyard for drying clothes and water draining, which can serve as an escape route during a fire. If there is a backyard, families can open windows or create balconies in the rooms facing the back. This will create more open spaces, allowing smoke to escape and reduce suffocation risks.
For single-fronted houses, architect Pham Ngoc Thach suggested creating open spaces for front gardens. Instead of using all the floor space, families should leave room for balconies. If desired, homeowners can add more floors to compensate for the reduced ground area.
Staircases in each house should be built near the front or near garden areas. Fire extinguishers should be placed in staircase halls, and emergency escape tools like ropes, hammers, and axes should be readily available in suitable locations.
Families should design tube houses with skylights (which can be opened and closed) to provide ventilation. Skylights can help reduce toxic smoke in the event of a fire.
If the garden area needs to be secured against theft, iron doors should be installed for emergency escape when needed. Windows should be louvered or have pivot hinges instead of fixed or casement windows, which can make it difficult to climb out during a fire.
Architects also recommend ensuring a variety of emergency exits when designing and constructing tube houses. These can include stairways leading up or down, balconies, verandas, or windows serving as emergency exits, as well as emergency staircases leading to the roof and side windows serving as emergency exits.
Overall, the key is to design tube houses with multiple escape routes and safety features to ensure the well-being of residents in the event of a fire.
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